An academic journal is a peer-reviewed Peer review is a generic term that is used to describe a process of self-regulation by a profession or a process of evaluation involving qualified individuals with the related field. Peer review methods are employed to maintain standards, improve performance, and provide credibility periodical A periodical publication, or just periodical, is a published work that appears in a new edition on a regular schedule. The most familiar examples are the newspaper, often published daily, or weekly; or the magazine, typically published weekly, monthly or as a quarterly. Other examples would be a newsletter, a literary journal or learned journal, in which scholarship relating to a particular academic discipline is published. Academic journals serve as forums for the introduction and presentation for scrutiny of new research, and the critique Critique is a method of disciplined, systematic analysis of a written or oral discourse. Critique is an accept format of written and oral debate. Critique differs from criticism in that critique is never personalized nor ad hominem, but is instead the analyses of the structure of the thought in the content of the item critiqued. This analysis then of existing research. Content typically takes the form of articles presenting original research Original research is research that is not exclusively based on a summary, review or synthesis of earlier publications on the subject of research. This material is of a primary source character. The purpose of the original research is to produce new knowledge, rather than to present the existing knowledge in a new form, review articles A review journal in academic publishing is a periodical or series that is devoted to the publication of review articles that summarize the progress in some particular area or topic during a preceding period, and book reviews A book review is a form of literary criticism in which a book is analyzed based on content, style, and merit. It is often carried out in periodicals, as school work, or on the internet. Reviews are also often published in magazines and newspapers. Its length may vary from a single paragraph to a substantial essay. Such a review often contains. Academic or professional publications that are not peer-reviewed are usually called professional magazines.

The term "academic journal" applies to scholarly publications in all fields; this article discusses the aspects common to all academic field journals. Scientific journals In academic publishing, a scientific journal is a periodical publication intended to further the progress of science, usually by reporting new research. There are thousands of scientific journals in publication, and many more have been published at various points in the past . Most journals are highly specialized, although some of the oldest and journals of the quantitative In the social sciences, quantitative research refers to the systematic empirical investigation of quantitative properties and phenomena and their relationships. The objective of quantitative research is to develop and employ mathematical models, theories and/or hypotheses pertaining to phenomena. The process of measurement is central to social sciences The social sciences are the fields of academic scholarship that explore aspects of human society. "Social science" is commonly used as an umbrella term to refer to a plurality of fields outside of the natural sciences. These include: anthropology, archaeology, economics, geography, history, linguistics, political science, international vary in form and function from journals of the humanities The humanities are academic disciplines which study the human condition, using methods that are primarily analytic, critical, or speculative, as distinguished from the mainly empirical approaches of the natural and social sciences and qualitative Qualitative research is a method of inquiry appropriated in many different academic disciplines, traditionally in the social sciences, but also in market research and further contexts. Qualitative researchers aim to gather an in-depth understanding of human behavior and the reasons that govern such behavior. The qualitative method investigates the social sciences; their specific aspects are separately discussed. The similar American and British journal publication systems are primarily discussed here; practices differ in other regions of the world.

Scholarly articles

In academia Academia, Acadème, or the Academy are collective terms for the community of students and scholars engaged in higher education and research, professional scholars typically make unsolicited submissions of their articles to academic journals. Upon receipt of a submitted article manuscript A manuscript or handwrit is a recording of information that has been manually created by someone or some people, such as a hand-written letter, as opposed to being printed or reproduced some other way. The term may also be used for information that is hand-recorded in other ways than writing, for example inscriptions that are chiselled upon a hard, the journal editor (or editors) determines whether to reject the submission outright or begin the process of peer review. In the latter case, the submission becomes subject to anonymous peer-review Peer review is a generic term that is used to describe a process of self-regulation by a profession or a process of evaluation involving qualified individuals with the related field. Peer review methods are employed to maintain standards, improve performance, and provide credibility by outside scholars of the editor's choosing. The number of these peer reviewers (or "referees") varies according to each journal's editorial practice — typically, no fewer than two, and usually at least three outside peers review the article. The editor(s) uses the reviewers' opinions in determining whether to publish the article, return it to the author(s) for revision, or to reject it. (This process is discussed in the peer review Peer review is a generic term that is used to describe a process of self-regulation by a profession or a process of evaluation involving qualified individuals with the related field. Peer review methods are employed to maintain standards, improve performance, and provide credibility article). Even accepted articles are subjected to further (sometimes considerable) editing by journal editorial staff before they appear in print. Typically, because the process is lengthy, an accepted article will not be published until months after its initial submission, while publication after a period of several years is not unknown.

The peer-review process is considered critical to establishing a reliable body of research and knowledge. Scholars can be expert only in a limited area of their fields; they rely upon peer-reviewed journals to provide reliable, credible research upon which they can build subsequent, related research.

Reviewing

Review articles

Review articles, also called "reviews of progress," are checks on the research published in journals. Some journals are devoted entirely to review articles, others contain a few in each issue, but most do not publish review articles. Such reviews often cover the research from the preceding year, some for longer or shorter terms; some are devoted to specific topics, some to general surveys. Some journals are enumerative In mathematics and theoretical computer science, the broadest and most abstract definition of an enumeration of a set is an exact listing of all of its elements . The restrictions imposed on the type of list used depend on the branch of mathematics and the context in which one is working. In more specific settings, this notion of enumeration, listing all significant articles in a given subject, others are selective, including only what they think worthwhile. Yet others are evaluative, judging the state of progress in the subject field. Some journals are published in series, each covering a complete subject field year, or covering specific fields through several years.

Unlike original research articles, book reviews tend to be solicited submissions, sometimes planned years in advance. Book review authors are paid a few hundred dollars for reviews, because of this, the standard definitions of open access Open access comes in two forms, Gratis versus Libre: Gratis OA is free online access and Libre OA is free online access plus some additional usage rights.[citation needed] OA's primary target content is articles published in scholarly journals.[citation needed] do not require review articles to be open access, though many are so. They are typically relied upon by students beginning a study in a given field, or for current awareness of those already in the field.

Book reviews

Book reviews A book review is a form of literary criticism in which a book is analyzed based on content, style, and merit. It is often carried out in periodicals, as school work, or on the internet. Reviews are also often published in magazines and newspapers. Its length may vary from a single paragraph to a substantial essay. Such a review often contains of scholarly books are checks upon the research books published by scholars; unlike articles, book reviews tend to be solicited. Journals typically have a separate book review editor determining which new books to review and by whom. If an outside scholar accepts the book review editor's request for a book review, he or she generally receives a free copy of the book from the journal in exchange for a timely review. Publishers send books to book review editors in the hope that their books will be reviewed. The length and depth of research book reviews varies much from journal to journal, as does the extent of textbook and trade book review.

Prestige

An academic journal's prestige is established over time, and can reflect many factors, some but not all of which are expressible quantitatively. In each academic discipline there are dominant journals that receive the largest number of submissions, and therefore can be selective in choosing their content. Yet, not only the largest journals are of excellent quality. For example, among United States academic historians, the two dominant journals are the American Historical Review The American Historical Review is the official publication of the American Historical Association (AHA), a body of academics, professors, teachers, students, historians, curators and others, founded in 1895 "for the promotion of historical studies, the collection and preservation of historical documents and artifacts, and the dissemination of and the Journal of American History The Journal of American History , is the official academic journal of the Organization of American Historians. It is the leading scholarly publication and the journal of record in the field of American history. It was first published in 1914 as the Mississippi Valley Historical Review, the official journal of the Mississippi Valley Historical, but there are dozens of other American peer-reviewed history journals specializing in specific historical periods, themes, or regions, and these may be considered of equally high quality in their specialties. This also may be the case with interdisciplinary journals, whose focus is on the intersection of two or more disciplines or specialties.

Ranking

In the natural sciences and in the "hard" social sciences, impact factor The impact factor, often abbreviated IF, is a measure reflecting the average number of citations to articles published in science and social science journals. It is frequently used as a proxy for the relative importance of a journal within its field, with journals with higher impact factors deemed to be more important than those with lower ones is a convenient proxy, measuring the number of later articles citing articles already published in the journal. There are other, possible quantitative factors, such as the overall number of citations, how quickly articles are cited, and the average "half-life" of articles, i.e. when they are no longer cited. There also is the question of whether or not any quantitative factor can reflect true prestige; natural science journals are categorized and ranked in the Science Citation Index The Science Citation Index is a citation index originally produced by the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) in 1960, which is now owned by Thomson Reuters. The larger version (Science Citation Index Expanded) covers 6,400 of the world's leading journals of science and technology. It is made available online through the Web of Science, and social science journals in the Social Science Citation Index Social Sciences Citation Index is an interdisciplinary citation index product of Thomson Scientific. It was developed by the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) from the Science Citation Index.

In the Anglo-American humanities The humanities are academic disciplines which study the human condition, using methods that are primarily analytic, critical, or speculative, as distinguished from the mainly empirical approaches of the natural and social sciences, there is no tradition (as there is in the sciences) of giving impact-factors that could be used — however incorrectly — in establishing a journal's prestige. Recent moves have been made by the European Science Foundation to rectify the situation, resulting in the publication of preliminary lists for the ranking A ranking is a relationship between a set of items such that, for any two items, the first is either 'ranked higher than', 'ranked lower than' or 'ranked equal to' the second. In mathematics, this is known as a weak order or total preorder of objects. It is not necessarily a total order of objects because two different objects can have the same of academic journals in the Humanities.

In some disciplines such as KM Knowledge management comprises a range of strategies and practices used in an organization to identify, create, represent, distribute, and enable adoption of insights and experiences. Such insights and experiences comprise knowledge, either embodied in individuals or embedded in organizational processes or practice/IC The term Intellectual capital collectively refers to all resources that determine the value and the competitiveness of an enterprise. As such, it includes as subsets the attributes that concur to building all financial statements as well as the balance sheet. the lack of a well-established journal ranking system is perceived as "a major obstacle on the way to tenure, promotion and achievement recognition" (Bontis & Serenko 2009, pp. 17).

The categorization of journal prestige in some subjects has been attempted, typically using letters to rank their academic world importance.

We can distinguish two categories of techniques to assess journal quality and develop journal rankings (Lowry et al. 2007):

• stated preference^{[clarification needed]}
• revealed preference approaches.^{[clarification needed]}

Publishing

Many academic journals are subsidized A subsidy is a form of financial assistance paid to a business or economic sector. Most subsidies are made by the government to producers or distributors in an industry to prevent the decline of that industry (e.g., as a result of continuous unprofitable operations) or an increase in the prices of its products or simply to encourage it to hire by universities or professional organizations, and do not exist to make a profit, however, they often accept advertising, page and image charges from authors to pay for production costs. On the other hand, some journals are produced by commercial publishers who do make a profit by charging subscriptions to individuals and libraries. They may also sell all of their journals in discipline-specific collections or a variety of other packages.

Journal editors tend to have other professional responsibilities, most often as teaching professors. In the case of the very largest journals, there are paid staff assisting in the editing. The production of the journals is most always done by publisher-paid staff. Humanities and social science academic journals are usually subsidized by universities or professional organization

New developments

The Internet The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet Protocol Suite to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope that are linked by a broad array of electronic and has revolutionized the production of, and access to, academic journals (Hendler 2007), with their contents available online via services subscribed to by academic libraries. Individual articles are subject-indexed in databases such as Google Scholar Google Scholar is a freely accessible Web search engine that indexes the full text of scholarly literature across an array of publishing formats and disciplines. Released in beta in November 2004, the Google Scholar index includes most peer-reviewed online journals of Europe and America's largest scholarly publishers. It is similar in function to. Some of the smallest, most specialized journals are prepared in-house, by an academic department, and published only online — such form of publication has sometimes been in the blog format.

Currently, there is a movement in higher education encouraging open access Open access comes in two forms, Gratis versus Libre: Gratis OA is free online access and Libre OA is free online access plus some additional usage rights.[citation needed] OA's primary target content is articles published in scholarly journals.[citation needed], either via self archiving Self-archiving involves depositing a free copy of a digital document on the World Wide Web in order to provide open access to it. The term usually refers to the self-archiving of peer reviewed research journal and conference articles as well as theses, deposited in the author's own institutional repository or open archive for the purpose of, whereby the author deposits his paper in a repository A repository in publishing, and especially in academic publishing, is a real or virtual facility for the deposit of academic publications, such as academic journal articles where it can be searched for and read, or via publishing it in a free open access journal Open access journals are scholarly journals that are available online to the reader "without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself." Some are subsidized, and some require payment on behalf of the author. Subsidized journals are financed by an academic institution, which does not charge for subscriptions The subscription business model is a business model where a customer must pay a subscription price to have access to the product/service. The model was pioneered by magazines and newspapers, but is now used by many businesses and websites, being either subsidized or financed with author page charges. However, to date, open access has affected science journals more than humanities journals. Commercial publishers are now experimenting with open access models, but are trying to protect their subscription revenues.

See also

• Academic library An academic library is a library which serves an institution of higher learning, such as a college or a university — libraries in secondary and primary schools are called school libraries. These libraries serve two complementary purposes: to support the school's curriculum, and to support the research of the university faculty and students
• Academic publishing Academic publishing describes the subfield of publishing which distributes academic research and scholarship. Most academic work is published in journal article, book or thesis form. The non commercial part of academic publishing is called grey literature. Much, though not all, academic publishing relies on some form of peer review or editorial
• Academic writing In academia, writing and publishing is conducted in several sets of forms and genres. This is a list of genres of academic writing. It is a short summary of the full spectrum of critical & academic writing. It does not cover the variety of critical approaches that can be applied when writing about a subject
• Journal Citation Reports Journal Citation Reports is an annual publication by the Institute of Scientific Information, a division of Thomson Reuters. It provides information about academic journals in the sciences and social sciences. It was originally published as a part of Science Citation Index, and is compiled from the citation data found there
• List of academic databases and search engines This page contains a representative list of major databases and search engines useful in an academic setting for finding and accessing articles in academic journals, or in repositories, archives, or other collections of scientific and other articles. As the distinction between a database and a search engine is unclear for these complex document
• List of academic journals The following is a partial list of academic journals. There are thousands of academic journals currently being published, and many more have been published at various points in the past. The list given here is deliberately selective, and contains the most influential, currently publishing journals in each field. . It is highly desirable that the
• Scientific journals In academic publishing, a scientific journal is a periodical publication intended to further the progress of science, usually by reporting new research. There are thousands of scientific journals in publication, and many more have been published at various points in the past . Most journals are highly specialized, although some of the oldest
• IMRAD IMRAD is an acronym for Introduction, Methods, Results And Discussion. It relates to the standard main structure of a scientific paper, which typically includes these four sections in this order:

References

• Bakkalbasi, N; Bauer, K; Glover, J; Wang, L (Jun 2006). "Three options for citation tracking: Google Scholar, Scopus and Web of Science" (Free full text). Biomedical digital libraries 3: 7. doi A digital object identifier is a character string used to uniquely identify an electronic document or other object. Metadata about the object is stored in association with the DOI name and this metadata may include a location, such as a URL, where the object can be found. The DOI for a document is permanent, whereas its location and other metadata:10.1186/1742-5581-3-7. PMID A PMID is a unique number assigned to each PubMed citation of life sciences and biomedical scientific journal articles. The related Pubmed Central archive may additionally assign a separate number, a PMCID (PubMed Central Identifier), normally written with a PMC prefix 16805916. PMC PubMed Central is a free digital database of full-text scientific literature in biomedical and life sciences. It grew from the online Entrez PubMed biomedical literature search system. PubMed Central was developed by the U.S. National Library of Medicine as an online archive of biomedical journal articles 1533854. http://www.bio-diglib.com/content/3//7.
• Bontis, Nick; Serenko, A. (2009). "A follow-up ranking of academic journals". Journal of Knowledge Management 13 (1): 16–26. http://www.Bontis.com/ic/publications/BontisSerenkoJKM13-1Harzing.pdf.
• Deis & Goodman. "Update on Scopus and Web of Science Charleston Advisor
• Hendler, James (2007). "Reinventing Academic Publishing -Part 1". IEEE Intelligent Systems 22 (5). http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1304510.
• Lowry, P.B.; Humphreys, S.; Malwitz, J.; Nix, J. (2007). "A scientometric study of the perceived quality of business and technical communication journals". IEEE Transactions of Professional Communication 50 (4): 352–78.
• Waller, A.C. Editorial Peer Review Its Strengths and Weaknesses ASIST monograph series. Information Today, 2001. ISBN 1573871001.

Show All>>

What Links Here:

Recently Viewed Pages:

• Home
• Search Terms
• Hypertext: Encyclopedia
• Referrers
• HyperCard: Blogs
• Carriage Return: Blogs
• Online Communities: Encyclopedia
• Hyperlink: Encyclopedia
• ASCII: Images
• Information System: Encyclopedia

Most Popular Pages:

• Cheat Engine 5.5 Pointblank: Blogs
• Cheat Engine 5.5 In Ninja Saga: Blogs
• Cheat Coins: Blogs
• Coin Hack On Warstorm On Facebook: Blogs
• Ninja Saga: Blogs
• Facebook Wild Ones Hack
• Coin Hack: Blogs
• Ninja Saga Coin: Blogs
• Ninja Saga Amaterasu Hack: Blogs
• Home

Related 'Academic Journal' Searches: