ENQUIRE was an early software Computer software, or just software, is the collection of computer programs and related data that provide the instructions telling a computer what to do. The term was coined to contrast to the old term hardware . In contrast to hardware, software is intangible, meaning it "cannot be touched". Software is also sometimes used in a more project written in 1980 by Tim Berners-Lee Sir Timothy John "Tim" Berners-Lee, OM, KBE, FRS, FREng, FRSA , is a British engineer and computer scientist and MIT professor credited with inventing the World Wide Web, making the first proposal for it in March 1989. On 25 December 1990, with the help of Robert Cailliau and a young student at CERN, he implemented the first successful at CERN The European Organization for Nuclear Research , known as CERN (see History), pronounced /ˈsɜrn/ (French pronunciation: [sɛʁn]), is the world's largest particle physics laboratory, situated in the northwest suburbs of Geneva on the Franco–Swiss border (46°14′3″N 6°3′19″E / 46.23417°N 6.05528°E), established in 1954. The,^[2] which was the predecessor to the World Wide Web The World Wide Web, abbreviated as WWW and commonly known as the Web, is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. With a web browser, one can view web pages that may contain text, images, videos, and other multimedia and navigate between them by using hyperlinks. Using concepts from earlier hypertext systems, British in 1989.^[2][3][4]

It was a simple hypertext Hypertext is text displayed on a computer or other electronic device with references to other text that the reader can immediately access, usually by a mouse click or keypress sequence. Apart from running text, hypertext may contain tables, images and other presentational devices. Hypertext is the underlying concept defining the structure of the program^[4] that had some of the same ideas as the Web and the Semantic Web Semantic Web is a group of methods and technologies to allow machines to understand the meaning - or "semantics" - of information on the World Wide Web but was different in several important ways.

According to Berners-Lee, the name was inspired by a book entitled Enquire Within Upon Everything Enquire Within Upon Everything was a how-to book for domestic life, first published in 1856 by Houlston and Sons of Paternoster Square in London, and then continuously reprinted in many new and updated editions as additional information and articles were added. The book was created with the intention of providing encyclopedic information on a.^[5][3][2]

The conditions

At that time at CERN were approximately 10.000 people working with different hardware Hardware is a general term for the physical artifacts of a technology. It may also mean the physical components of a computer system, in the form of computer hardware, software Computer software, or just software, is the collection of computer programs and related data that provide the instructions telling a computer what to do. The term was coined to contrast to the old term hardware . In contrast to hardware, software is intangible, meaning it "cannot be touched". Software is also sometimes used in a more and people necessities and many work was done by email Electronic mail, commonly called email or e-mail, is a method of exchanging digital messages across the Internet or other computer networks. Originally, email was transmitted directly from one user to another computer. This required both computers to be online at the same time, a la instant messenger. Today's email systems are based on a store-and- and file interchange.^[4] The scientists needed to keep track of different thinks^[3] and that different projects became involved each other.^[2] The requirement for setting up a new system were compatibility in networks, disk formats, data formats, and character encoding schemes, which made any attempt to transfer information between dislike systems a daunting and generally impractical task.^[6] The different hypertext-systems before ENQUIRE were not passing these requirements i.e. Memex The memex is the name given by Vannevar Bush to the theoretical proto-hypertext computer system he proposed in his 1945 The Atlantic Monthly article As We May Think. The memex is a device in which an individual compresses and stores all of their books, records, and communications which is then mechanized so that it may be consulted with exceeding and NLS NLS, or the "oN-Line System", was a revolutionary computer collaboration system designed by Douglas Engelbart and the researchers at the Augmentation Research Center at the Stanford Research Institute (SRI) during the 1960s. The NLS system was the first to employ the practical use of hypertext links, the mouse (co-invented by Engelbart.^[6]

Difference to HyperCard

ENQUIRE was similar to Apple's Apple Inc. is an American multinational corporation that designs and markets consumer electronics, computer software, and personal computers. The company's best-known hardware products include the Macintosh computers, the iPod, the iPhone and the iPad. Apple software includes the Mac OS X operating system; the iTunes media browser; the iLife suite HyperCard HyperCard is an application program created by Bill Atkinson for Apple Computer, Inc. that was among the first successful hypermedia systems before the World Wide Web. It combines database capabilities with a graphical, flexible, user-modifiable interface. HyperCard also features HyperTalk, written by Dan Winkler, a programming language for but ENQUIRE lacks an image system.^[1] The advantage was that it was portable and runs different systems.^[1]

Differences to the World Wide Web

Documentation of the RPC project (concept)
Most of the documentation is available on VMS, with the two
principle manuals being stored in the CERNDOC system.
1) includes: The VAX/NOTES conference VXCERN::RPC
2) includes: Test and Example suite
3) includes: RPC BUG LISTS
4) includes: RPC System: Implementation Guide
Information for maintenance, porting, etc.
5) includes: Suggested Development Strategy for RPC Applications
6) includes: "Notes on RPC", Draft 1, 20 feb 86
7) includes: "Notes on Proposed RPC Development" 18 Feb 86
8) includes: RPC User Manual
How to build and run a distributed system.
9) includes: Draft Specifications and Implementation Notes
10) includes: The RPC HELP facility
11) describes: THE REMOTE PROCEDURE CALL PROJECT in DD/OC
Help Display Select Back Quit Mark Goto_mark Link Add Edit

A screen in an ENQUIRE scheme.^[1]

It was not supposed to be released to the general public.^{[citation needed]}

ENQUIRE had pages called cards and hyperlinks in the cards. The links had different meanings and about a dozen relationships which were displayed to the creator, things, documents and groups described by the card. The relationship between the links could be seen by everybody explaining what the need of the link was or what happen if a card was removed.^[4]

ENQUIRE was closer to a modern wiki Wikis may exist to serve a specific purpose, and in such cases, users use their editorial rights to remove material that is considered "off topic." Such is the case of the collaborative encyclopedia Wikipedia. In contrast, open purpose wikis accept content without firm rules as to how the content should be organized than to a web site A website [citation needed] is a collection of related web pages, images, videos or other digital assets that are addressed relative to a common Uniform Resource Locator (URL), often consisting of only the domain name, or the IP address, and the root path ('/') in an Internet Protocol-based network. A web site is hosted on at least one web server,:

• database A database consists of an organized collection of data for one or more uses, typically in digital form. One way of classifying databases involves the type of their contents, for example: bibliographic, document-text, statistical. Digital databases are managed using database management systems, which store database contents, allowing data creation, though a closed system (all of the data could be taken as a workable whole)^[2]
• bidirectional hyperlinks (in Wikipedia Wikipedia is a free, web-based, collaborative, multilingual encyclopedia project supported by the non-profit Wikimedia Foundation. Its 16 million articles have been written collaboratively by volunteers around the world, and almost all of its articles can be edited by anyone with access to the site. Wikipedia was launched in 2001 by Jimmy Wales and MediaWiki MediaWiki is a popular free web-based wiki software application developed by and used on all projects of the Wikimedia Foundation, as well as on many other wiki websites worldwide. It is written in the PHP programming language with a backend database, this is approximated by the What links here feature). This bidirectionality allows ideas, notes, etc. to link to each other without the author being aware of this. In a way, they (or, at least, their relationships) get a life of their own.^[7][4]
• direct editing of the server (like wikis and CMS/blogs A blog is a type of website or part of a website. Blogs are usually maintained by an individual with regular entries of commentary, descriptions of events, or other material such as graphics or video. Entries are commonly displayed in reverse-chronological order. "Blog" can also be used as a verb, meaning to maintain or add content to a)^[2]
• ease of compositing, particularly when it comes to hyperlinking In computing, a hyperlink is a reference to a document that the reader can directly follow, or that is followed automatically[citation needed]. The reference points to a whole document or to a specific element within a document. Hypertext is text with hyperlinks. Such text is usually viewed with a computer. A software system for viewing and.^[2]

The World Wide Web was created to unified the different existing systems at CERN like ENQUIRE, the CERNDOC, VMS/Notes UUCP is an abbreviation for Unix-to-Unix Copy. The term generally refers to a suite of computer programs and protocols allowing remote execution of commands and transfer of files, email and netnews between computers. Specifically, UUCP is one of the programs in the suite; it provides a user interface for requesting file copy operations. The UUCP and the USENET Duke University graduate students Tom Truscott and Jim Ellis conceived the idea in 1979 and it was established in 1980. Users read and post messages to one or more categories, known as newsgroups. Usenet resembles a bulletin board system (BBS) in many respects, and is the precursor to the various Internet forums that are widely used today; and can.^[1]

Why ENQUIRE failed

Berners-Lee came 1984 back to CERN and used intensively his own system.^[4][1] He realized that most of the time coordinating the project was to keep information up to date.^[4] He recognized that a system similar to ENQUIRE was need, "but accessable to everybody."^[4] There was a need that people were able to create cards independently to others and to linking to other cards without updating the linked card. This idea is the big difference and the cornerstone to the World Wide Web The World Wide Web, abbreviated as WWW and commonly known as the Web, is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. With a web browser, one can view web pages that may contain text, images, videos, and other multimedia and navigate between them by using hyperlinks. Using concepts from earlier hypertext systems, British.^[4] Berners-Lee didn't make ENQUIRE suitable for other persons to use the system successfully and that in other CERN divisions were similar situations as in the devision he was first.^[1] Another problem was that external links for example to existing databases weren't allowed and that the system wasn't enough powerful to handle enough connections to the database.^[2][1]

Further development stopped because Berners-Lee give a disc to Robert Cailliau Robert Cailliau , born 26 January 1947, is a Belgian informatics engineer and computer scientist who, together with Sir Tim Berners-Lee, developed the World Wide Web, who had been working under Brian Carpenter He spent 10 years writing software for process control systems at CERN, which was interrupted by three years teaching undergraduate computer science at Massey University in New Zealand before he leaved CERN. Carpenter suspects that the disc was reused for other purposes since nobody was later available to do further work on ENQUIRE.^[8]

Technical

The application ran on terminal A computer terminal is an electronic or electromechanical hardware device that is used for entering data into, and displaying data from, a computer or a computing system. Early terminals were inexpensive devices but very slow compared to punched cards or paper tape for input, but as the technology improved and video displays were introduced, with plaintext In cryptography, plaintext is information a sender wishes to transmit to a receiver. Cleartext is, sometimes confusingly, often used as a synonym. Before the computer era, plaintext most commonly meant message text in the language of the communicating parties. Plaintext has reference to the operation of cryptographic algorithms, usually encryption 24x80.^[4] The first version was able to hyperlinking between files.^[2] ENQUIRE was written in the Pascal Pascal is an influential imperative and procedural programming language, designed in 1968/9 and published in 1970 by Niklaus Wirth as a small and efficient language intended to encourage good programming practices using structured programming and data structuring programming language A programming language is an artificial language designed to express computations that can be performed by a machine, particularly a computer. Programming languages can be used to create programs that control the behavior of a machine, to express algorithms precisely, or as a mode of human communication and implemented on a Norsk Data Norsk Data was a computer manufacturer located in Oslo, Norway. Existing from 1967 to 1992, it had its most active period in the years from the early 1970s to the late 1980s. At the company's peak in 1987 it was the second largest company in Norway and employed over 4,500 people NORD-10 under SINTRAN III^[2][7][4][8] and version 2 was later ported In computer science, porting is the process of adapting software so that an executable program can be created for a computing environment that is different from the one for which it was originally designed . The term is also used in a general way to refer to the changing of software/hardware to make them usable in different environments to MS-DOS MS-DOS is an operating system for x86-based personal computers. It was the most commonly used member of the DOS family of operating systems, and was the main operating system for IBM PC compatible personal computers during the 1980s to the mid 1990s, until it was gradually superseded by operating systems offering a graphical user interface (GUI), and to VAX/VMS OpenVMS , previously known as VAX-11/VMS, VAX/VMS or (informally) VMS, is a high-end computer server operating system that runs on VAX, Alpha and Itanium-based families of computers. Contrary to what its name suggests, OpenVMS is not open source software; however, the source listings are available for purchase. Unlike some other mainframe-oriented.^[4][2]

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} Berners-Lee, Tim Sir Timothy John "Tim" Berners-Lee, OM, KBE, FRS, FREng, FRSA , is a British engineer and computer scientist and MIT professor credited with inventing the World Wide Web, making the first proposal for it in March 1989. On 25 December 1990, with the help of Robert Cailliau and a young student at CERN, he implemented the first successful (May 1990). "Information Management: A Proposal". World Wide Web Consortium The World Wide Web Consortium is the main international standards organization for the World Wide Web (abbreviated WWW or W3). http://www.w3.org/History/1989/proposal.html. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
2. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k} Berners-Lee, Tim Sir Timothy John "Tim" Berners-Lee, OM, KBE, FRS, FREng, FRSA , is a British engineer and computer scientist and MIT professor credited with inventing the World Wide Web, making the first proposal for it in March 1989. On 25 December 1990, with the help of Robert Cailliau and a young student at CERN, he implemented the first successful. "Frequently asked questions - Start of the web: Influences". World Wide Web Consortium The World Wide Web Consortium is the main international standards organization for the World Wide Web (abbreviated WWW or W3). http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/FAQ.html#Influences. Retrieved 22 July 2010.
3. ^ ^{a b c} Jeffery, Simon; Fenn, Chris; Smith, Bobbie; Coumbe, John (23 October 2009). "A people's history of the internet: from Arpanet in 1969 to today" (Flash). London: The Guardian The Guardian is a British national daily newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. Founded in 1821, it is unique among major British newspapers in being owned by a foundation (the Scott Trust, via the Guardian Media Group). It is known for its left-of-centre political stance. At the 2010 election it supported the Liberal Democrats. pp. See 1980. http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/interactive/2009/oct/23/internet-arpanet. Retrieved 7 January 2010.
4. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l} Berners-Lee, Tim Sir Timothy John "Tim" Berners-Lee, OM, KBE, FRS, FREng, FRSA , is a British engineer and computer scientist and MIT professor credited with inventing the World Wide Web, making the first proposal for it in March 1989. On 25 December 1990, with the help of Robert Cailliau and a young student at CERN, he implemented the first successful (ca. 1993/1994). "A Brief History of the Web". World Wide Web Consortium The World Wide Web Consortium is the main international standards organization for the World Wide Web (abbreviated WWW or W3). http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/TimBook-old/History.html. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
5. ^ Finkelstein, Prof. Anthony (15 August 2003). "ENQUIRE WITHIN UPON EVERYTHING". ICT Portal. BBC The British Broadcasting Corporation is the largest broadcasting organisation in the world. Its global headquarters are located in London and its main responsibility is to provide public service broadcasting in the United Kingdom, Channel Islands and Isle of Man. The BBC is an autonomous public service broadcaster that operates under a Royal. http://www.open2.net/ictportal/app/comp_life/future1.htm. Retrieved 7 January 2010.
6. ^ ^{a b} Berners-Lee, Tim Sir Timothy John "Tim" Berners-Lee, OM, KBE, FRS, FREng, FRSA , is a British engineer and computer scientist and MIT professor credited with inventing the World Wide Web, making the first proposal for it in March 1989. On 25 December 1990, with the help of Robert Cailliau and a young student at CERN, he implemented the first successful (August 1996). "The World Wide Web: Past, Present and Future". World Wide Web Consortium The World Wide Web Consortium is the main international standards organization for the World Wide Web (abbreviated WWW or W3). http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/1996/ppf.htm. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
7. ^ ^{a b} Cailliau, Robert Robert Cailliau , born 26 January 1947, is a Belgian informatics engineer and computer scientist who, together with Sir Tim Berners-Lee, developed the World Wide Web (1995). "A Little History of the World Wide Web". World Wide Web Consortium The World Wide Web Consortium is the main international standards organization for the World Wide Web (abbreviated WWW or W3). http://www.w3.org/History.html. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
8. ^ ^{a b} Palmer, Sean B.; Berners-Lee, Tim Sir Timothy John "Tim" Berners-Lee, OM, KBE, FRS, FREng, FRSA , is a British engineer and computer scientist and MIT professor credited with inventing the World Wide Web, making the first proposal for it in March 1989. On 25 December 1990, with the help of Robert Cailliau and a young student at CERN, he implemented the first successful (Feburary/March 2001). "Enquire Manual - In HyperText". http://infomesh.net/2001/enquire/manual/#editorial. Retrieved 30 August 2010.

Further Reading

• Berners-Lee, Tim Sir Timothy John "Tim" Berners-Lee, OM, KBE, FRS, FREng, FRSA , is a British engineer and computer scientist and MIT professor credited with inventing the World Wide Web, making the first proposal for it in March 1989. On 25 December 1990, with the help of Robert Cailliau and a young student at CERN, he implemented the first successful (2000). Weaving the web. The original design and ultimate destiny of the World Wide Web. New York: Harper Business.

See also

• Project Xanadu Project Xanadu was the first hypertext project, founded in 1960 by Ted Nelson; it is still ongoing. Administrators of Project Xanadu have declared it an improvement over the World Wide Web, saying "Today's popular software simulates paper. The World Wide Web trivialises our original hypertext model with one-way ever-breaking links and no
• NLS (computer system)
• History of the Internet

External links

• ENQUIRE Manual
• scanned images of the Enquire Manual from 1980

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