An HTML element is an individual component of an HTML HTML, which stands for HyperText Markup Language, is the predominant markup language for web pages. It is written in the form of HTML elements consisting of "tags" surrounded by angle brackets within the web page content document. HTML documents are composed of a tree A tree structure is a way of representing the hierarchical nature of a structure in a graphical form. It is named a "tree structure" because the classic representation resembles a tree, even though the chart is generally upside down compared to an actual tree, with the "root" at the top and the "leaves" at the bottom of HTML elements and other nodes A node is an abstract basic unit used to build linked data structures such as trees, linked lists, and computer-based representations of graphs. Each node contains some data and possibly links to other nodes. Links between nodes are often implemented by pointers or references, such as text nodes. Each element can have attributes HTML, which stands for HyperText Markup Language, is the predominant markup language for web pages. It is written in the form of HTML elements consisting of "tags" surrounded by angle brackets within the web page content specified. Elements can also have content, including other elements and text. HTML elements represent semantics Semantics is the study of meaning. It typically focuses on the relation between signifiers, such as words, phrases, signs and symbols, and what they stand for, or meaning. For example, the title element represents the title of the document.
In the HTML syntax, most elements are written with a start tag and an end tag, with the content in between. Tags are composed of the name of the element, surrounded by angle brackets Brackets are tall punctuation marks used in matched pairs within text, to set apart or interject other text. In the United States, "bracket" usually refers specifically to the "square" or "box" type; in British usage, it normally refers to a parenthesis mark. An end tag also has a slash after the opening angle bracket, to distinguish it from the start tag. For example, a paragraph, which is represented by the p element, would be written as
<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, …</p>
However, not all of these elements require the end tag, or even the start tag, to be present. Some elements, the so-called void elements don't have an end tag. A typical example is the br element, which represents a significant line break, such as in a poem or an address. For example, the address of the dentist in Finding Nemo Finding Nemo is a 2003 American computer-animated film written by Andrew Stanton, directed by Stanton and Lee Unkrich and produced by Pixar Animation Studios. It tells the story of the overly protective clownfish Marlin, voiced by Albert Brooks, who along with a regal tang called Dory, voiced by Ellen DeGeneres, searches for his son Nemo, voiced would be written as
<p>P. Sherman<br>42 Wallaby Way<br>Sydney</p>
Attributes are specified on the start tag. For example, the abbr element, which represents an abbreviation An abbreviation is a shortened form of a word or phrase. Usually, but not always, it consists of a letter or group of letters taken from the word or phrase. For example, the word abbreviation can itself be represented by the abbreviation abbr., abbrv. or abbrev, expects a title attribute with its expansion. This would be written as
<abbr title="Hyper Text Markup Language">HTML</abbr>
Contents |
Overview
Syntax
Parts of an HTML container element:- Start tag:
<p … >- Attribute:
- name:
class - value:
foo
- name:
- Attribute:
- Content:
This is a paragraph. - End tag:
</p>
<p class="foo">This is a paragraph</p>
There are multiple kinds of HTML elements: void elements, raw text elements, and normal elements.
Void elements only have a start tag, which contains any attributes. One example is the link element, for which the syntax is
<link rel=stylesheet href=fancy.css type='text/css'>
This link element points the browser at a stylesheet to use when presenting the HTML document to the user. Note that in the HTML syntax, attributes don't have to be quoted. When using the XML Extensible Markup Language is a set of rules for encoding documents in machine-readable form. It is defined in the XML 1.0 Specification produced by the W3C, and several other related specifications, all gratis open standards syntax (XHTML XHTML is a family of XML markup languages that mirror or extend versions of the widely used Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), the language in which web pages are written), on the other hand, all attributes must be quoted, and a trailing slash is required before the last angle bracket:
<link href='fancy.css' type='text/css'/>
A trailing slash is also allowed in the HTML syntax, to aid migration.
Raw text elements are constructed with:
- a start tag (
<tag>) marking the beginning of an element, which may incorporate any number of attributes HTML, which stands for HyperText Markup Language, is the predominant markup language for web pages. It is written in the form of HTML elements consisting of "tags" surrounded by angle brackets within the web page content; - some amount of text content, but no elements (all tags, apart from the applicable end tag, will be interpreted as content);
- an end tag, in which the element name is prepended with a forward slash The slash is a sign, "/", used as punctuation mark and for various other purposes. It is often called a forward slash and many other alternative names:
</tag>. (note: In some forms of HTML the end tag is optional for some container elements.)
Normal elements usually have both a start tag and an end tag, although for some elements the end tag, or both tags, can be omitted. It is constructed in a similar way:
- a start tag (
<tag>) marking the beginning of an element, which may incorporate any number of attributes HTML, which stands for HyperText Markup Language, is the predominant markup language for web pages. It is written in the form of HTML elements consisting of "tags" surrounded by angle brackets within the web page content; - some amount of content, including text and other elements;
- an end tag, in which the element name is prepended with a forward slash The slash is a sign, "/", used as punctuation mark and for various other purposes. It is often called a forward slash and many other alternative names:
</tag>.
Attributes define desired behavior or indicate additional element properties. Most attributes require a value. In HTML, the value can be left unquoted if it doesn't include spaces (name=value), or it can be quoted with single or double quotes (name='value' or name="value"). In XML, those quotes are required. Boolean attributes, on the other hand, don't require a value to be specified. An example is the checked for checkboxes:
<input type=checkbox checked>
In the XML syntax, though, the name should be repeated as the value:
<input type="checkbox" checked="checked"/>
Informally, HTML elements are sometimes referred to as "tags" (an example of synecdoche Synecdoche is closely related to metonymy ; indeed, synecdoche is sometimes considered a subclass of metonymy. It is more distantly related to other figures of speech, such as metaphor), though many prefer the term tag strictly in reference to the markup delimiting the start and end of an element.
Element (and attribute) names may be written in any combination of upper or lower case in HTML, but must be in lower case in XHTML.[1] The canonical form was upper-case until HTML 4, and was used in HTML specifications, but in recent years, lower-case has become more common.
Element standards
HTML elements are defined in a series of freely-available open standards issued since 1995, initially by the IETF The Internet Engineering Task Force develops and promotes Internet standards, cooperating closely with the W3C and ISO/IEC standards bodies and dealing in particular with standards of the TCP/IP and Internet protocol suite. It is an open standards organization, with no formal membership or membership requirements. All participants and managers are and subsequently by the W3C The World Wide Web Consortium is the main international standards organization for the World Wide Web (abbreviated WWW or W3).
Since the early 1990s, manufacturers of user agents A user agent is the client application used with a particular network protocol; the phrase is most commonly used in reference to those which access the World Wide Web. Other systems, such as Session Initiation Protocol , use the term user agent to refer to both end points of a phone call, server and client (e.g. web browsers A web browser is a software application for retrieving, presenting, and traversing information resources on the World Wide Web. An information resource is identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier and may be a web page, image, video, or other piece of content. Hyperlinks present in resources enable users to easily navigate their browsers to) have often developed their own elements, some of which have been adopted in later standards. Other user agents may not recognise non-standard elements, and they may be ignored or displayed improperly.
In 1998, XML Extensible Markup Language is a set of rules for encoding documents in machine-readable form. It is defined in the XML 1.0 Specification produced by the W3C, and several other related specifications, all gratis open standards (a simplified form of SGML) introduced mechanisms to allow anyone to develop their own elements and incorporate them in XHTML documents, for use with XML-aware user agents.[2]
Subsequently, HTML 4.01 was rewritten in an XML-compatible form, XHTML 1.0 (eXtensible HTML). The elements in each are identical, and in most cases valid XHTML 1.0 documents will be valid or nearly-valid HTML 4.01 documents. This article mainly focuses on real HTML, unless noted otherwise; however, it remains applicable to XHTML. (See HTML HTML, which stands for HyperText Markup Language, is the predominant markup language for web pages. It is written in the form of HTML elements consisting of "tags" surrounded by angle brackets within the web page content for a discussion of the minor differences between the two).
Element status
Since the first version of HTML, several elements have become outmoded, and are deprecated In computer software or authoring programs standards and documentation, the term deprecation is applied to software features that are superseded and should be avoided. Although deprecated features remain in the current version, their use may raise warning messages recommending alternative practices, and deprecation may indicate that the feature in later standards, or do not appear at all, in which case they are invalid (and will be found invalid, and perhaps not displayed, by validating XML validation is the process of checking a document written in XML to confirm that it is both "well-formed" and also "valid" in that it follows a defined structure. A "well-formed" document follows the basic syntactic rules of XML, which are the same for all XML documents. A valid document also respects the rules user agents).[3]
At present, the status of elements is complicated by the existence of three types of HTML 4.01 / XHTML 1.0 DTD:
- Transitional, which contain deprecated elements, but which were intended to provide a transitional period during which authors could update their practices;
- Frameset, which are versions of the Transitional DTDs which also allow authors to write frameset documents;
- Strict, which is the up-to date (as at 1999 1999 was a common year that started on a Friday (link will display full calendar). In the Gregorian calendar, it was the 1999th year of the Common Era, or of Anno Domini; the 999th year of the 2nd millennium; and the 99th year of the 20th century. It was also the 10th and last year of the 1990's) form of HTML.
The first Standard (HTML 2.0 HTML, which stands for HyperText Markup Language, is the predominant markup language for web pages. It is written in the form of HTML elements consisting of "tags" surrounded by angle brackets within the web page content) contained four deprecated elements, one of which was invalid in HTML 3.2 HTML, which stands for HyperText Markup Language, is the predominant markup language for web pages. It is written in the form of HTML elements consisting of "tags" surrounded by angle brackets within the web page content. All four are invalid in HTML 4.01 Transitional HTML, which stands for HyperText Markup Language, is the predominant markup language for web pages. It is written in the form of HTML elements consisting of "tags" surrounded by angle brackets within the web page content, which also deprecated a further ten elements. All of these, plus two others, are invalid in HTML 4.01 Strict HTML, which stands for HyperText Markup Language, is the predominant markup language for web pages. It is written in the form of HTML elements consisting of "tags" surrounded by angle brackets within the web page content. While the frame elements are still current in the sense of being present in the Transitional and Frameset DTDs, there are no plans to preserve them in future standards, as their function has been largely replaced, and they are highly problematic for user accessibility.
(Strictly speaking, the most recent XHTML standard, XHTML 1.1 XHTML is a family of XML markup languages that mirror or extend versions of the widely used Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), the language in which web pages are written (2001 2001 was a common year that started on a Monday. In the Gregorian Calendar, it was the 2001st year of the Common Era or the Anno Domini designation. 2001 was also the first year of the 3rd millennium, the 2nd year of the 2000s decade and of the 21st century as there was no year zero in the Gregorian calendar. However, popular culture views 2000 as), does not include frames at all; it is approximately equivalent to XHTML 1.0 Strict, but also includes the Ruby markup Ruby characters are small, annotative glosses that can be placed above or to the right of a Chinese character when writing languages with logographic characters such as Chinese or Japanese to show the pronunciation. Typically called just ruby or rubi, such annotations are usually used as a pronunciation guide for relatively obscure characters module.)[4]
A common source of confusion is the loose use of deprecated to refer to both deprecated and invalid status, and to elements which are expected to be formally deprecated in future.
Presentation and behaviour
In keeping with the principle of Separation of Concerns In computer science, separation of concerns is the process of separating a computer program into distinct features that overlap in functionality as little as possible. A concern is any piece of interest or focus in a program. Typically, concerns are synonymous with features or behaviors. Progress towards SoC is traditionally achieved through, the function of HTML is primarily to add structural and semantic Semantics is the study of meaning. It typically focuses on the relation between signifiers, such as words, phrases, signs and symbols, and what they stand for information to the raw text of a document. Presentation and Behaviour Behavior, or behaviour , refers to the actions of a system or organism , usually in relation to its environment, which includes the other systems or organisms around as well as the physical environment. It is the response of the system or organism to various stimuli or inputs, whether internal or external, conscious or subconscious, overt or are separate functions, which can be added as desired, ideally through links to external documents such as stylesheets Web style sheets are a form of separation of presentation and content for web design in which the markup of a webpage contains the page's semantic content and structure, but does not define its visual layout (style). Instead, the style is defined in an external stylesheet file using a style sheet language such as CSS or XSL. This design approach, graphics Graphics are visual presentations on some surface, such as a wall, canvas, computer screen, paper, or stone to brand, inform, illustrate, or entertain. Examples are photographs, drawings, Line Art, graphs, diagrams, typography, numbers, symbols, geometric designs, maps, engineering drawings, or other images. Graphics often combine text, files, and scripts Client-side scripting generally refers to the class of computer programs on the web that are executed client-side, by the user's web browser, instead of server-side . This type of computer programming is an important part of the Dynamic HTML (DHTML) concept, enabling web pages to be scripted; that is, to have different and changing content.
This allows the document to be presented by different user agents according to their purposes and abilities; for example, a user agent can select an appropriate stylesheet to present a document by displaying on a monitor, printing on paper, or to determine speech characteristics in an aural user agent. The structural and semantic functions of the markup remain identical in each case.
(Historically, user agents did not always support these features. In the 1990s, as a stop-gap, presentational elements were added to HTML, at the cost of creating problems for interoperability and user accessibility. This is now regarded as outmoded and has been superseded by stylesheet-based design; most presentational elements are now deprecated.)[5]
External image files are incorporated with the img or object elements. (With XHTML, the SVG Scalable Vector Graphics is a family of specifications of an XML-based file format for describing two-dimensional vector graphics, both static and dynamic (i.e. interactive or animated) language can also be used to write graphics within the document, though linking to external SVG files is generally simpler.)[6] Where an image is not purely decorative, HTML allows replacement content with similar semantic value to be provided for non-visual user agents.
An HTML document can also be extended through the use of scripts to provide additional behaviours beyond the abilities of HTML hyperlinks and forms.
The elements style and script, with related attributes, provide reference points in HTML markup for links to stylesheets and scripts. They can also contain instructions directly.
- In the Document Head, script and style may either link to shared external documents, or contain embedded instructions. (The link element can also be used to link stylesheets.)
- The style attribute is valid in most Document Body elements for inclusion of inline style instructions.
- Event-handling attributes which provide links to scripts are optional in most elements.
- script can occur at any point in the Document Body.
- For user agents which do not operate scripts, the noscript element provides alternative content where appropriate; however, it can only be used as a block-level element.
Document structure elements
<html>...</html>
- The Root element Each XML document has exactly one single root element. This element is also known as the document element. It encloses all the other elements and is therefore the sole parent element to all the other elements of an HTML document; all other elements are contained in this.
- The HTML element delimits the beginning and the end of an HTML document.
- Standardised in HTML 2.0; still current.
<head>...</head>
- Container for processing information and metadata for an HTML document.
- Standardised in HTML 2.0; still current.
- (See Document head elements for child elements.)
<body>...</body>
- Container for the displayable content of an HTML document.
- Standardised in HTML 2.0; still current.
- (See Document body elements for child elements.)
Tue, 17 Aug 2010 03:24:07 GMT+00:00
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