RUNOFF was the first computer A computer is a programmable machine that receives input, stores and manipulates data//information, and provides output in a useful format text formatting program A computer program is a sequence of instructions written to perform a specified task for a computer. A computer requires programs to function, typically executing the program's instructions in a central processor. The program has an executable form that the computer can use directly to execute the instructions. The same program in its human- to see significant use. It was written in 1964 for the CTSS The Compatible Time-Sharing System, or the CTSS, was one of the first time-sharing operating systems; it was developed at MIT's Computation Center. CTSS was first demonstrated in 1961, and was operated at MIT until 1973. During part of this time, MIT's Project MAC had a second copy of CTSS, but the system did not spread beyond two sites . CTSS was operating system by Jerome H. Saltzer in MAD assembler Assembly languages are a type of low-level languages for programming computers, microprocessors, microcontrollers, and other integrated circuits. They implement a symbolic representation of the numeric machine codes and other constants needed to program a particular CPU architecture. This representation is usually defined by the hardware.
It actually consisted of a pair of programs, TYPSET (which was basically a document editor), and RUNOFF (the output processor). RUNOFF had support for pagination Pagination is the system by which the information on a newspaper, bookpage, manuscript, or otherwise handwritten, printed or displayed document is laid out and headers, as well as text justification In typesetting, justification is the typographic alignment setting of text or images within a column or "measure" to align along both the left and right margin. Text set this way is said to be "justified" (TJ-2 appears to have been the earliest text justification system, but it did not have the other capabilities).
RUNOFF is a direct predecessor of the runoff document formatting program of Multics Multics was an extremely influential early time-sharing operating system. The project was started in 1964. The last known running Multics installation was shut down on October 30, 2000 at the Canadian Department of National Defense in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, which in turn was the ancestor of the roff roff was the first Unix text-formatting computer program, also the most important application run on the first machine specifically purchased to run UNIX, and a predecessor of the nroff and troff document processing systems on Unix and nroff nroff is a Unix text-formatting program; it produces output suitable for simple fixed-width printers and terminal windows. It is an integral part of the Unix help system, being used to format man pages for display document formatting programs of Unix Unix is a computer operating system originally developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs, including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Brian Kernighan, Douglas McIlroy, and Joe Ossanna. Today's Unix systems are split into various branches, developed over time by AT&T as well as various commercial vendors and non-profit, and their descendants. It was also the ancestor of FORMAT for the IBM International Business Machines (NYSE: IBM) is a multinational computer, technology and IT consulting corporation headquartered in Armonk, New York, United States. IBM is the world's fourth largest technology company and the second most valuable global brand (after Coca-Cola). IBM is one of the few information technology companies with a System/360 The IBM System/360 was a mainframe computer system family first announced by IBM on April 7, 1964, and sold between 1964 and 1978. It was the first family of computers designed to cover the complete range of applications, from small to large, both commercial and scientific. The design made a clear distinction between architecture and, and of course indirectly for every computerized word processing Word processing is the creation of documents using a word processor. It can also refer to advanced shorthand techniques, sometimes used in specialized contexts with a specially modified typewriter system.
Likewise, RUNOFF for CTSS was the predecessor of the various RUNOFFs for DEC Digital Equipment Corporation was a pioneering American computer company, a leading vendor in the minicomputer market though the 1960s and 1970s, and for a long time one of the most admired within the hacker community.[citation needed]'s operating systems, via the RUNOFF developed by the University of California, Berkeley's The University of California, Berkeley , is a public research university located in Berkeley, California, United States. The oldest of the ten major campuses affiliated with the University of California, Berkeley offers some 300 undergraduate and graduate degree programs in a wide range of disciplines. The university occupies 6,651 acres (2,692 ha) Project Genie Project Genie was a computer research project started in 1964 at the University of California, Berkeley by J.C.R. Licklider, the head of DARPA at that time. The project was a smaller counterpart to MIT's Project MAC for the SDS Scientific Data Systems, or SDS, was an American computer company founded in September 1961 by Max Palevsky, a veteran of Packard Bell and Bendix, along with eleven other computer scientists. SDS was an early adopter of integrated circuits in computer design and the first to employ silicon transistors. The company concentrated on larger scientific 940 The SDS 940 was Scientific Data Systems' first machine designed to support time sharing directly, and was based on the SDS 930's 24-bit CPU built primarily of integrated circuits. It was announced in February 1966 and shipped in April, becoming a major part of Tymshare's expansion during the 1960s. The influential SRI "oN-Line System" ( system[1][2].
The name is alleged to have come from the phrase at the time, I'll run off a copy.
References
- Jerome H. Saltzer, TYPSET and RUNOFF: Memorandum editor and type-out commands (MIT The Massachusetts Institute of Technology is a private research university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts. MIT has five schools and one college, containing a total of 32 academic departments, with a strong emphasis on scientific and technological research. MIT is one of two private land-grant universities[b] and is also a sea-grant and space- Computation Center CC-244, Project MAC MAC-M-193, Cambridge, 1964)
- Jerome H. Saltzer, Manuscript typing and editing: TYPSET, RUNOFF (Section AH.9.01, CTSS Programmer's Guide, Project MAC, Cambridge, 1966)
- Jerome H. Saltzer, Experimental Additions to the RUNOFF Command (Programming Staff Note 40, Project MAC, Cambridge, 1965)
- ^ John V. Everett (1997-02-08). "Re: Runoffs (was: TJ-2, a very early word-processor-like program for the PDP-1)". alt.sys.pdp10. (Web link). Retrieved on 2008-11-14.
- ^ Barnes, Larry (27 March 1973) (PDF). RUNOFF: A Program for the Preparation of Documents. Bitsavers' PDF Document Archive. Washington, DC: Office of the Secretary of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. R-37. http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/sds/ucbProjectGenie/mcjones/R-37_RUNOFF.pdf. Retrieved 14 November 2008.
See also
- Expensive Typewriter
- Colossal Typewriter
- TECO TECO is a text editor originally developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the 1960s, after which it was modified by 'just about everybody'. With all the dialects included, TECO may have been the most popular editor in use before the vi editor (later included with many Unix operating systems), and before the Emacs editor, to
- TJ-2
Categories: Word processors | Troff | History of software |
